Swedish Estonia

"Swedish Estonia" signifies the time between 1558 and 1710, when parts of present-day Estonia (and after 1645 all of the present-day country) were under Swedish rule. In the wake of the breakup of the State of the Teutonic Order, the Baltic German local aristocracy in the areas of Harrien and Wierland, as well as the city of Reval in June 1561 (and somewhat later Jerwen) asked for and were granted protection by the Swedish king Eric XIV, leading to Swedish involvement in the Livonian War. At the conclusion of hostilities in 1583, Sweden was in control of the northern parts of modern Estonia and Hiiumaa island; this territory was created the Duchy of Estonia. Following renewed wars between Poland and Sweden, the southern parts of present-day Estonia (then Livonia) were incorporated into Sweden by the Treaty of Altmark in 1629. In 1645, Sweden also conquered the island of Ösel  from Denmark, and were thus in control of all of present-day Estonia.

The time of Swedish rule came to an effective end in 1710,when all of Sweden's Baltic provinces capitulated to Russian troops during the end-stages of the Great Northern War.

The reasons for Swedish involvement in Estonia were economical as well as political and military. The Swedish Crown was not least interested in getting a share of the profits from the rich trade with Russia. At the same time, assertions in Estonia can also been seen as a way of preventing Russia and Denmark from gaining potentially dangerous footholds close to Swedish-controlled Finland.

The time of Swedish rule is sometimes colloquially referred to as the "good old Swedish times" (vana hea Rootsi aeg)